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    • BPI WRITTEN EXAM >
      • Section 1 Building Science Fundamentals >
        • 1a. Basic Terms & Definitions >
          • 1. Airflow in Buildings
          • 2. Equipment Efficiencies
          • 3. Power and Energy
          • 4. Effective Leakage Area
          • 5. Area Weighted R-Value
          • 6. Baseload / Seasonal Energy Use
          • 7. Driving Forces (Including Natural and Mechanical)
          • 8. Behavior of Radiation
          • 9. Thermal Resistance / Transmittance: R and U Values
          • 10. Latent / Sensible Heat
          • 11. Total Equivalent Length
          • 12. Dehumidification / Humidification
          • 13. Convert Pressure Units
          • 14. Thermal Bridges
          • 15. Pressure Boundary
          • 16. Stack Effect
          • 17. Exfiltration and Infiltration
          • 18. Natural / Mechanical Ventilation
          • 19. Net Free Area
          • 20. Input & Output Capacity
          • 21. Peak Electrical Demand
          • 22. Permeability and Perm Rating
          • 23. Standby Loss
          • 24. IAQ (indoor air quality): Moisture, CO, Dust
        • 1b. Principals of Energy, Air & Moisture Thermodynamics >
          • 1. Thermodynamics: Conduction, Convection, Radiation, ΔT
          • 2. Factors That Affect Insulation Performance
          • 3. BPI certification online with BPI practice exams and study guides.
          • 4. Heat Gain / Loss
          • 5. Power and Energy
          • 6. Moisture Transport Mechanisms
          • 7. Identify Areas of Highest Relative Humidity
          • 8. Principles of Combustion
        • 1c. Combustion Safety >
          • 1. Combustion Analysis
          • 2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Testing
          • 3. Combustion Appliance Venting, Draft, Combustion Air & Sizing
          • 4. Understand Combustion Safety Issues
      • Section 2 Buildings and Their Systems >
        • 2a. Building Components >
          • 1. Identify basic duct configurations and components
          • 2. Identify Basic Hydronic Distribution Configurations and Components
          • 3. Identify Basic Structural Components of Residential Construction
          • 4. Thermal Boundaries and Insulation Applications
          • 5. Basic Electrical Components and Safety Considerations
          • 6. Basic Fuel Delivery Systems and Safety Considerations
          • 7. Basic bulk water management components (drainage plumbing gutters sumps etc)
          • 8. Vapor barriers/retarders
          • 9. Radiant Barrier Principles and Installations
          • 10. Understand Fenestration Types and Efficiencies
          • 11. Understand Issues Involved With Basements, Crawlspaces, Slabs, Attics, Attached Garages, Interstitial Cavities, and Bypasses
          • 12. Understand Issues Involved With Ventilation Equipment
          • 13. Understand Basic Heating / Cooling Equipment Components Controls and Operation
          • 14. Understand Basic DHW Equipment Components Controls and Operation
          • 15. Identify Common Mechanical Safety Controls
          • 16. Identify Insulation Types and R-Values
          • 17. Understand Various Mechanical Ventilation Equipment and Strategies: Spot, ERV, HRV
        • 2b. Conservation Strategies >
          • 1. Appropriate Insulation Applications and Installation Based On Existing Conditions
          • 2. Opportunity for ENERGY STAR Lighting and Appliances
          • 3. Identify Duct Sealing Opportunities and Applications
          • 4. Understand Importance of Air Leakage Control and Remediation Procedures
          • 5. Blower Door-Guided Air Sealing Techniques
          • 6. Water Conservation Devices and Strategies
          • 7. Domestic Hot Water (DHW) Conservation Strategies
          • 8. Heating & Cooling Efficiency Applications
          • 9. Proper Use of Modeling to Determine Heating and Cooling Equipment Sizing and Appropriate Energy
          • 10. Understand the Use of Utility History Analysis in Conservation Strategies
          • 11. Appropriate Applications For Sealed Crawlspaces Basements and Attics
          • 12. Identify / Understand High Density Cellulose
          • 13. Appropriate Applications for Fenestration Upgrades Including Modification or Replacement
        • 2c. Comprehensive Building Assessment Process >
          • 1. Determine Areas of Customer Complaints / Concerns in Interview
          • 2. Understand / Recognize Need For Conducting Appropriate Diagnostic Procedures
          • 3. Interaction Between Mechanical Systems, Envelope Systems and Occupant Behavior
        • 2d. Design Considerations >
          • 1. Appropriate Insulation Applications Based On Existing Conditions
          • 2. Understand Fire Codes as Necessary to Apply Home Performance in a Code-Approved Manner
          • 3. Understand / Recognize Building Locations Where Opportunities for Retrofit Materials
          • 4. Understand Climate Specific Concerns
          • 5. Understand Indoor Environment Considerations for the Environmentally Sensitive
          • 6. Understand Impact of Building Orientation, Landscape Drainage, and Grading
          • 7. Opportunity Potential Renewable Energy Applications: Geothermal, Photovoltaic, Wind
          • 8. Understand Impact of Shading on Heating / Cooling Loads
          • 9. Awareness for Solar Gain Reduction / Solar Gain Opportunities
          • 10. Understand Need for Modeling Various Options For Efficiency Upgrades
      • Section 3 Measurement & Verification of Building Performance >
        • Section 3a Measurement & Verification of Building Performance >
          • 1. Air Leakage Test Results
          • 2. Understand Building Shell / Envelope Leakage
          • 3. Apply Fundamental Construction Mathematics and Unit Conversions
          • 4. Calculate Building Tightness Levels (Minimum Ventilation Requirements)
          • 5. Calculate Heating Degree Days and Cooling Degree Days
          • 6. Identify Proper Appliance and Combustion Appliance Venting
          • 7. Ventilation calculations and strategies
          • 8. Proper methods for identifying / testing fuel leaks
          • 9. Blower door setup, accurate measurement and interpretation of results
          • 10. Combustion Appliance Zone (CAZ): depressurization, spillage, draft, Carbon Monoxide (ambient and flue)
          • 11. Carbon Monoxide (CO) evaluation: ambient
          • 12. Proper applications and use of temperature measuring devices
          • 13. Pressure pan and room to room pressure diagnostics
          • 14. Recognize contributing factors to comfort problems
          • 15. Inspect for areas containing moisture or bulk water in undesirable locations
          • 16. Understand and inspect for basic electric safety (e.g. frayed wires, open boxes, etc)
      • Section 4 BPI National Standards & Project Specifications >
        • 1. Understand applicability content and intent of BPI National Standards – Do no harm, make buildings more healthy, comfortable, durable and energy efficient
        • 2. Recognize need for a professional local/state/national codes evaluation
        • 3. Be able to specify appropriate materials and processes needed for building performance projects
      • Section 5 Analyzing Buildings Systems >
        • 1. Recognize need for air sealing measures and their impact on other building systems
        • 2. Recognize need for mechanical equipment improvements
        • 3. Understand blower door use for identifying critical air sealing areas
        • 4. Apply blower door test results and Building Tightness Limit (minimum ventilation requirements) in development of improvement strategies
        • 5. Using combustion analysis and safety testing results to develop appropriate recommendations
        • 6. Determine appropriate method for assessing wall insulation levels
        • 7. Equipment control strategies for maximizing occupant comfort and minimizing energy consumption
      • Section 6 Conduct and Communications >
        • 6a. Conservation strategies
        • 6b. Personal Safety & Work Practices >
          • 1. Locations in which to identify indoor air quality issues
          • 2. Material Safety Data Sheets
          • 3. Isolation procedures for household pollutants
          • 4. Practice building science within your limits of professional competency
          • 5. Precautions when working around chemical biological and other potential hazards
          • 6. Understand role and responsibilities of the building analyst professional
    • BPI FIELD EXAM >
      • How To Put The House Under Worst Case & CAZ
      • What's What? Pa, CFM, CFM50, CAZ, Draft, Room Pressure
      • What To Know In The Attic
      • What To Know In The House
    • BLOWER DOOR TEST >
      • Manometer Setup
    • BPI BUILDING ANALYST STANDARDS >
      • BPI Standards Decoded
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    • COMMON AUDITOR / CREW MISTAKES
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BPI Written Exam - Section 3 Measurement & Verification of Building Performance

14. Recognize Contributing Factors to Comfort Problems

Comfort issues can be from a number of sources such as:

  • Imbalanced ductwork that give too much or too little air to rooms. The homeowner may have to overcool the home in the summer just to keep their bedroom cool.
  • Poor airflow from dirty filters or restrictive grilles.
  • Bad air circulation back to the return from a high room pressure.
  • Oversized HVAC sytems that short cycle.
  • Undersized HVAC systems that are never able to reach the thermostat set point.
  • Refrigerant leaks.
  • Dirty coils that are not able to transfer the heat from the inside of the home.
  • Excessive heat gain in the summer around unshaded windows.
  • Air barriers around stem walls, wall chases and soffits that allow outside air to heat or cool the interior walls.
  • Low insulation levels or misaligned insulation which allows the conditioned or heated air to escape faster than a properly insulated walls or attic.

The four factors that affect our comfort are:
  1. Temperature. Temperature and temperature variability affect our comfort.  By keeping the temperature consistent and between 70-80 degrees, most people are comfortable.  Keeping consistent temperatures can be done with variable speed HVAC systems that keep the air moving for longer periods at a lower energy use, using a zoned HVAC system to monitor several different rooms at one time and having electronic dampers make adjustments, or air balancing the ductwork to account for heat gain.  A properly charged, sized and designed HVAC system is also important for keeping and maintaining temperature.
  2. Relative humidity. Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of moisture in the air.   Like temperature, our indoor environment is often fighting against the temperature and humidity outside.  Our best way to remove excess moisture in the air is using our HVAC systems to dry out the air and remove excess moisture.  Running the air handler for longer periods helps to remove indoor moisture but air handlers are also a source of moisture if they don’t have proper drainage and ventilation (think of an air handler located in a basement or crawlspace with excess moisture build up).  If humidity needs to be added to a home in hot and dry climates like Arizona, a humidifier can be wired and plumbed in-line with the air handler to increase humidity. Most people are comfortable between a relative humidity of 40-60%.  Other factors that contribute to the homes humidity are the number of people and animals in the home, cooking, standing water, poor drainage and leaks. 
  3. Air movement. There are other ways to “hack” our comfort.  This includes air movement by using ceiling fans to increase the rate of our perspiration evaporation, making our skin feel cooler.  We can also increase air movement by increasing the velocity of air moving through the ductwork with dampers although this may cause an increase in static pressure, which can be bad if above 0.3 IWC (inches of water column). 
  4. Radiant temperature.  Another way for homeowners to be more comfortable is to improve the radiant temperature of the surfaces around us.  Radiant heating does not keep us warm by heating the air temperature but by heating the floor temperature and when we come into contact with the floor, it makes our bodies feel warm.  Alternatively, we feel cold drafts of a single pane window in the winter not because the air is cold but because the chill of the window is pulling heat off our body towards the window.  

Next Section

3a. Applied diagnostics and troubleshooting
  1. Application of measured air leakage test results 
  2. Understand building shell/envelope leakage as a function of pressure difference and the size of holes in the air barrier 
  3. Apply fundamental construction mathematics and unit conversions 
  4. Calculate building tightness levels (minimum ventilation requirements) 
  5. Calculate heating degree days and cooling degree days 
  6. Identify proper appliance and combustion appliance venting 
  7. Ventilation calculations and strategies 
  8. Proper methods for identifying / testing fuel leaks 
  9. Blower door setup, accurate measurement and interpretation of results 
  10. Combustion Appliance Zone (CAZ): depressurization, spillage, draft, Carbon Monoxide (ambient and flue) 
  11. Carbon Monoxide (CO) evaluation: ambient 
  12. Proper applications and use of temperature measuring devices 
  13. Pressure pan and room to room pressure diagnostics 
  14. Recognize contributing factors to comfort problems 
  15. Inspect for areas containing moisture or bulk water in undesirable locations 
  16. Understand and inspect for basic electric safety (e.g. frayed wires, open boxes, etc) 
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